Nanoparticle-mediated seed priming: An effective technique to improve germination, growth, yield while maintaining the quality of watermelon

Rapid and uniform seed germination is important for adequate crop establishment to ensure economic sustainability in commercial agriculture. In the present study, turmeric oil nanoemulsions (TNE) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from agro-industrial byproducts were used as nanopriming agents to improve germination, yield, and quality of diploid (Riverside) and triploid (Maxima) watermelon seeds. Internalization of nanomaterials was confirmed by neutron activation analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The seedling emergence rate was significantly higher in AgNP-treated triploid seeds compared to other treatments. Soluble sugar (glucose and fructose) contents were enhanced during germination in the AgNP-treated seeds at 96 h. Seedlings grown in the greenhouse were transplanted at four locations in Texas: Edinburg, Pecos, Grapeland, and Snook in the first year and at Weslaco in the second year. A significantly higher yield was observed in AgNP- treated Riverside and Maxima watermelons grown at Snook. Physico-chemical properties and phytochemical profiles were assessed after mature fruits were harvested and stored at 23°C for 0, 10, and 20 d. While seed emergence and stand establishments were enhanced by seed priming, total phenolics radical-scavenging activities, and macro-and microelements in the watermelon fruits were not significantly different from the control. Combined analysis across all locations demonstrated a non-significant treatment effect on the levels of health-promoting compounds such as carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and citrulline. The results of the present study demonstrated that seed priming with AgNPs can enhance seed germination, growth, and yield while maintaining fruit quality through an eco-friendly and sustainable nanotechnological approach.